1. Pilot-to-scale gap: Fewer than 15% of insurers have implemented AI at full scale. Two thirds remain stuck in the pilot phase. Organisational transformation — not technology — is the bottleneck.
2. Cultural barrier of actuarial precision: Actuaries operate in a world of deterministic models and exact calculations. AI introduces probabilistic uncertainty. This requires a cultural shift that goes beyond training alone.
3. Inconsistent brand experience in claims: Thousands of daily claims communications without consistent tone, empathy level and brand experience. AI can standardise this but requires governance for tone and explainability.
4. EU AI Act classification: Automated underwriting and claims assessment fall under high-risk. Conformity assessments, explainability and human oversight are mandatory before August 2026.